fixMozillaZIndex=true; //Fixes Z-Index problem with Mozilla browsers but causes odd scrolling problem, toggle to see if it helps _menuCloseDelay=500; _menuOpenDelay=150; _subOffsetTop=0; _subOffsetLeft=-0; with(MapSample=new mm_style()){ bordercolor="green"; borderstyle="solid"; borderwidth=5; fontfamily="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif"; fontsize="12px"; fontstyle="normal"; fontweight="normal"; headerbgcolor="#ffffff"; headercolor="navy"; offbgcolor="#FFDFAA"; //#FFCC96 offcolor="#000000"; onbgcolor="#FFFFFF"; oncolor="#000000"; padding=4; } with(milonic=new menuname("central_uganda")){ margin=3; style=MapSample; menuwidth=300; top=161; left=150; aI("text=CENTRAL UGANDA REGION;align=center;fontsize=13px;fontweight=bold;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=Central Uganda, in particular, Luwero (popularly referred to as Luwero Triangle), Mpigi, and Mubende suffered the brunt of a 5 year civil war that saw the National Resistance Movement (NRM) capture power in 1986. In the course of the conflict, numerous atrocities were meted out on the population by the government of the day and the NRA, including widespread disappearances, mass killings, and other grave human rights violations.;align=justify;"); aI("text=In addition, the central region has also experienced other rebellions including the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), who violently protested the exclusion of a federal governance system from the 1995 Constitution.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=While the latter rebellion was ended militarily, the unresolved issues related to the conflict in Luwero remain a source of tension in the country. Thus, despite the decision in 1986 by the newly established NRA regime to simultaneously enact an amnesty law and a commission of inquiry to investigate human rights violations committed in Uganda since 1962, these tensions were never resolved. This is partly due to the fact that the commission's recommendations were not implemented and the commission itself smacked of a victors' justice process.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=The Luwero question remains haphazardly addressed and indeed, as some scholars argue, remains intricately linked to the war in northern Uganda. Today, Luwero is a fault line between the north and south division of Uganda.;align=justify;"); } with(milonic=new menuname("northern_uganda")){ margin=3; style=MapSample; menuwidth=300; top=161; left=150; aI("text=NORTHERN UGANDA REGION;align=center;fontsize=13px;fontweight=bold;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=After 21 years of uninterrupted conflict in northern Uganda, during which the civilian population has experienced massive displacement, death, and other serious violations and abuses of the rights of civilians by all belligerents, northern Uganda looks set to become a crucible for the development of new approaches to transitional justice and a case study of the tensions between retributive and restorative conceptions of justice.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=After various failed attempts to secure peace in the region (like the Peace talks led by Betty Bigombe in 1994), a controversial blanket amnesty was launched in 2000, followed by the Uganda government's referral of the situation in northern Uganda to the International Criminal Court (ICC) in late 2003.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=The ICC's involvement in the investigation and prosecution of five LRA leaders, however, unleashed an impassioned debate between those who argue that while peace and justice are not mutually exclusive, their achievement requires proper identification and sequencing of competing priorities. It has also prompted some actors to promote traditional mechanisms, most notably Mato Oput, as alternatives to the international justice meted out by the ICC.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=The agreement on Agenda Item No. 3 at the Juba Peace talks has raised the prospects of a range of additional measures being taken, with government endorsement, to address the need for accountability and reconciliation.;align=justify;"); } with(milonic=new menuname("karamoja_region")){ margin=3; style=MapSample; menuwidth=300; top=161; left=150; aI("text=KARAMOJA REGION;align=center;fontsize=13px;fontweight=bold;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=Located at the international border between Uganda, Kenya and Sudan (one of Africa's most unstable nations), and within an arms trafficking corridor which stretches from Somalia to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Karamoja has long-been bedevilled with conflict, lawlessness, cultural annihilation and marginalisation, and general underdevelopment.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=A combination of Karamoja's geo-political location (both national and transnational), and successive regime neglect, has resulted in a situation in which the region exhibits the worst development and human security indices in Uganda.;align=justify;"); aI("text=There have been numerous interventions in Karamoja:;align=justify;"); aI("text=At a community level, work has been done on inter- and intra-community conflict resolution and reconciliation. ;align=justify;"); aI("text=At a national level, there are development programmes which combine military solutions with attempts to sedentarise the primarily pastoralist Karamajong.;align=justify;"); aI("text=From the international level, there have been various efforts to pacify the region through national and international programmes like Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration and Rehabilitation. Overall, these initiatives have not reduced violence or generated community healing and reconciliation.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=Today, Karamoja remains somewhat isolated from Uganda's mainstream and, given that conflict in northern Uganda is receding, it has become something of a new bogeyman.;align=justify;"); } with(milonic=new menuname("eastern_uganda")){ margin=3; style=MapSample; menuwidth=300; top=161; left=150; aI("text=EASTERN UGANDA REGION;align=center;fontsize=13px;fontweight=bold;"); aI("text=Most of the injustices committed in Eastern Uganda were a combination of armed rebellion, law and order problems, a spillover of armed insurgency from other regions like northern Uganda, and cattle raids from neighbouring Karamoja. ;align=justify;"); aI("text=From 1987 until the early 1990s, the Teso region experienced an armed insurgency, partly as an expression of people\’s frustration with the central government for its inability to protect them from attacks from the neighbouring Karamojong.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=The Government has often responded to perceived problems militarily. As a consequence, massacres were committed in places like Mukura in 1987, and unknown numbers of people have lost both their property and livelihoods, without any form of restitution. The power-sharing agreements with the mainly elite-led rebel groups, which brought the Teso insurgency to an end, did little to tackle the structural causes of violence and the governance deficit in the region.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=While there have been some inter-community attempts at reconciliation between the different conflicting groups in the region, the extension of LRA activities into the Teso region in 2003, coupled with the far longer history of Karimojong raids, has left many people, particularly in the Teso sub-region, perpetually displaced and marginalised.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=Although Agenda Item No. 3 of the Juba Peace Talks provides an entry point into discussing some of these issues, focus on LRA atrocities might mean that pre-LRA issues will not be addressed. ;align=justify;"); } with(milonic=new menuname("west_nile")){ margin=3; style=MapSample; menuwidth=300; top=161; left=150; aI("text=WEST NILE REGION;align=center;fontsize=13px;fontweight=bold;"); aI("text=After the overthrow of Idi Amin Dada in 1979, the West Nile region experienced armed insurgencies including, Former Uganda National Army (FUNA), Uganda National Rescue Front (UNRF), the West Nile Bank Front (WNBF), and the Uganda National Rescue Front Part II (UNRF II).;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=Conflicts between the region and the central government have been rooted in the central government's mistrust of the region, given its ties to Idi Amin, and the region's frustration with its marginalisation by successive regimes. In the course of the conflicts, mass population displacement and other serious human rights violations, including revenge killings were perpetrated against both the civilian population and former Amin soldiers.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=While most of the region became fairly stable, particularly following the peace agreement signed between the Government of Uganda and UNRF II in 2002, key elements of the peace agreement remain unmet and peace in the region remains unstable.;align=justify;"); aI("text=In particular, the region suffers from a severe deficit in access to justice, and has to date drawn considerably less attention than neighbouring northern Uganda when it comes to thinking about how to deal with the legacy of a violent past.;align=justify;"); } with(milonic=new menuname("west_central")){ margin=3; style=MapSample; menuwidth=300; top=161; left=150; aI("text=WEST CENTRAL REGION;align=center;fontsize=13px;fontweight=bold;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=In many respects the west-central region of Uganda is the forgotten dimension of not only northern Uganda's conflict, but also many of the other conflict areas in the country and indeed the region.;align=justify;"); aI("text=Home to a huge diversity of people, many of whom have fled either as IDPs or refugees from conflict elsewhere, it may be characterised as one of Uganda's most important shock absorbers. It also houses one of Uganda's most important national parks, which has at times doubled as a hide-out for rebel groupings.;align=justify;"); aI("text= "); aI("text=As prospects of peace in northern Uganda deepen, the west-central region is likely to see increasing out-migration as IDPs gradually seek to return to their areas of origin. ;align=justify;"); } with(milonic=new menuname("western_uganda")){ margin=3; style=MapSample; menuwidth=300; top=161; left=150; aI("text=WESTERN UGANDA REGION;align=center;fontsize=13px;fontweight=bold;"); aI("text= ;"); aI("text=The Western region (also referred to as the Rwenzori region), and comprising Kasese, Kabarole, Kyenjojo, Bundibugyo, and Kamwenge districts, has faced armed conflicts since 1962.;align=justify;"); aI("text=Different rebel groups have operated in this region, often perpetrating deadly human rights abuses against civilians. The rebel groups include; Rwenzururu, National Resistance Army, National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (NALU), and most recently the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). For instance, the ADF, which first attacked government targets in 1997, changed tactics in 1999 and abducted many civilians, massacred unarmed civilians, and created a situation of internal displacement.;align=justify;"); aI("text= ;"); aI("text=The region is further affected by refugee flows from neighbours Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, as well as longstanding ethnic tensions, mainly around property issues as well as cultural issues relating to the existence of the Rwenzururu.;align=justify;"); aI("text=Due to numerous unresolved grievances involving these armed groups, the region remains on the verge of erupting into violence, sometimes as a result of displaced communities trying to re-assert their identity.;align=justify;"); aI("text= ;"); aI("text=Threats from the ADF and the PRA remain. While the fighting groups in this region benefited from the government amnesty of 2000 and monetary enticement to abandon the rebellion, the fact that no corresponding attempts were made to redress victims remains a cause for concern. ;align=justify;"); } drawMenus();